{"id":352,"date":"2012-04-13T13:54:18","date_gmt":"2012-04-13T20:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogschapman.wpenginepowered.com\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/"},"modified":"2012-04-13T13:54:18","modified_gmt":"2012-04-13T20:54:18","slug":"ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/","title":{"rendered":"IFREE\/ESI Lecture Series Presents: Sean Crockett, Ph.D."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Apr. 13th, <a href=\"http:\/\/zicklin.baruch.cuny.edu\/faculty\/profiles\/crockett-sean\">Sean Crockett, Ph.D.<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/cascade.chapman.edu\/renderfile\/6fef14a3c04d744c610b81dac0a8d082\/research-and-institutions\/economic-science-institute\/_files\/ifree-papers-and-photos\/SeanCrockett.pdf\">Do Reference Dependent Preferences Really Matter?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bio:<\/strong>\u00a0 Sean Crockett is an assistant professor in the Department of Economics and Finance at Baruch College, City University of New York.\u00a0 He received his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in 2004 and was a postdoc\u00a0 at Caltech for two years afterward.\u00a0 His research has focused on market price dynamics and their micro-foundations, as well as the market-level consequences of behavioral biases.\u00a0 His published papers appear in the American Economic Review, the Economic Journal, Economic Theory, and the Journal of Mathematical Economics.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract:\u00a0<\/strong> The endowment effect is a well-known behavioral regularity in which a person values a good more when he is endowed with it. In their generalization of prospect theory to consumption bundles with multiple attributes, Tversky and Kahneman [1991] imply the endowment effect as a consequence of loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity in gains. It has since frequently been presumed that this form of reference dependent preferences will inhibit trade. However, in this paper it is demonstrated that loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity in gains also imply a dynamic momentum trading effect that increases exchange, so the net effect of such preferences on trading volume is ambiguous. In fact, the momentum trading effect is shown to completely cancel out the endowment effect in an important class of examples.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container \" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"IFREE\/ESI Lecture Series -- Sean Crockett, Ph. D. -- Baruch College\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qyutdL5qeBU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do Reference Dependent Preferences Really Matter?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":62,"featured_media":7200,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"custom_author_name":"","chapman_pin_hero_slider":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[100],"class_list":["post-352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-esi","tag-ifreeesi-lecture-series"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Argyros College of Business and Economics | Chapman Blogs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"IFREE\/ESI Lecture Series Presents: Sean Crockett, Ph.D. - Argyros College of Business and Economics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Do Reference Dependent Preferences Really Matter?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Argyros College of Business and Economics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-04-13T20:54:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2026\/04\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"jcunning\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"jcunning\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"jcunning\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dbc2fd1507960bc5768c000417937f4e\"},\"headline\":\"IFREE\\\/ESI Lecture Series Presents: Sean Crockett, Ph.D.\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-04-13T20:54:18+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":236,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/84\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"IFREE\\\/ESI Lecture Series\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Economic Science Institute\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/\",\"name\":\"IFREE\\\/ESI Lecture Series Presents: Sean Crockett, Ph.D. - Argyros College of Business and Economics\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/84\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-04-13T20:54:18+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/84\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/84\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg\",\"width\":2400,\"height\":1600},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/2012\\\/04\\\/13\\\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"IFREE\\\/ESI Lecture Series Presents: Sean Crockett, Ph.D.\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/\",\"name\":\"Argyros College of Business and Economics\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Argyros College of Business and Economics\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/84\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/MasterBrand_000-scaled-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/84\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/MasterBrand_000-scaled-1.png\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":435,\"caption\":\"Argyros College of Business and Economics\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dbc2fd1507960bc5768c000417937f4e\",\"name\":\"jcunning\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/a580aaefe6d79809f23a482392e32427abbfe7f6f1c1dd980bc9c92368b55034?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/a580aaefe6d79809f23a482392e32427abbfe7f6f1c1dd980bc9c92368b55034?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/a580aaefe6d79809f23a482392e32427abbfe7f6f1c1dd980bc9c92368b55034?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"jcunning\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/business\\\/author\\\/jcunning\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Argyros College of Business and Economics | Chapman Blogs","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"IFREE\/ESI Lecture Series Presents: Sean Crockett, Ph.D. - Argyros College of Business and Economics","og_description":"Do Reference Dependent Preferences Really Matter?","og_url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/","og_site_name":"Argyros College of Business and Economics","article_published_time":"2012-04-13T20:54:18+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2400,"height":1600,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2026\/04\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"jcunning","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"jcunning","Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/"},"author":{"name":"jcunning","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/#\/schema\/person\/dbc2fd1507960bc5768c000417937f4e"},"headline":"IFREE\/ESI Lecture Series Presents: Sean Crockett, Ph.D.","datePublished":"2012-04-13T20:54:18+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/"},"wordCount":236,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2026\/04\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg","keywords":["IFREE\/ESI Lecture Series"],"articleSection":["Economic Science Institute"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/","name":"IFREE\/ESI Lecture Series Presents: Sean Crockett, Ph.D. - Argyros College of Business and Economics","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2026\/04\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg","datePublished":"2012-04-13T20:54:18+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2026\/04\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2026\/04\/Chapman3_18Campus-2.jpg","width":2400,"height":1600},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/2012\/04\/13\/ifreeesi-lecture-series-presents-sean-crockett-ph-d-do-reference-dependent-preferences-really-matter\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"IFREE\/ESI Lecture Series Presents: Sean Crockett, Ph.D."}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/","name":"Argyros College of Business and Economics","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/#organization","name":"Argyros College of Business and Economics","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2026\/03\/MasterBrand_000-scaled-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2026\/03\/MasterBrand_000-scaled-1.png","width":2560,"height":435,"caption":"Argyros College of Business and Economics"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/#\/schema\/person\/dbc2fd1507960bc5768c000417937f4e","name":"jcunning","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a580aaefe6d79809f23a482392e32427abbfe7f6f1c1dd980bc9c92368b55034?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a580aaefe6d79809f23a482392e32427abbfe7f6f1c1dd980bc9c92368b55034?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a580aaefe6d79809f23a482392e32427abbfe7f6f1c1dd980bc9c92368b55034?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"jcunning"},"url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/author\/jcunning\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/352","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/62"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=352"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/352\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=352"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=352"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/business\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=352"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}