{"id":11798,"date":"2016-10-11T16:09:02","date_gmt":"2016-10-11T23:09:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogschapman.wpenginepowered.com\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/"},"modified":"2026-07-22T16:22:42","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T16:22:42","slug":"fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/","title":{"rendered":"Fowler Law Professor Henry Noyes Publishes \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Chapman University Dale E. Fowler School of Law Professor Henry Noyes\u2019s article \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chapmanlawreview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/19-1_Noyes.pdf\">Direct Democracy as a Legislative Act<\/a>\u201c was recently published in Volume 19 of the <em>Chapman Law Review<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>From the abstract:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-11809\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/71\/2016\/10\/noyes_clr.jpg\" alt=\"article cover\" width=\"150\" height=\"223\" \/>Direct democracy has been referred to as \u201cThe People\u2019s Law\u201d\u00a0and \u201cCitizen Lawmaking.\u201d\u00a0The actors who engage in acts of direct democracy have been referred to as \u201cCitizen Lawmakers\u201d\u00a0and \u201cCitizens as Legislators.\u201d\u00a0Does that mean that citizens who engage in acts of direct democracy are literally (and\u00a0<em>legally<\/em>) \u201clegislators\u201d undertaking legislative acts? This Article argues that, at least in certain situations, the answer is \u201cyes\u201d and considers the implications of that conclusion.<\/p>\n<p>Part I briefly discusses the history of direct democracy in the United States. Direct democracy was born out of frustration with reliance on elected representatives to legislate. Direct democracy allows ordinary citizens to legislate. Part II explains that direct democracy does not diminish some inherent, immutable power of the legislature. Instead, it is an exercise of the people\u2019s inherent power to legislate.\u00a0<em>All <\/em>power derives from the people, who can choose to delegate it to representative instruments which they create, or they can reserve to themselves the power to legislate. Several states&#8211;Arizona, California, Washington, Colorado, Oregon, and Utah&#8211;have constitutions that define the initiative and referendum as the exercise of legislative power. Part III discusses the circumstances in which direct democracy activity is a legally operative legislative act. At a minimum, the act of sponsoring an initiative or referendum petition is a legislative act. Finally, Part IV discusses some of the possible legal implications of the conclusion that direct democracy (or at least some such activity) is a legislative act. First, undertaking a legislative act does not implicate the First Amendment. Second,\u00a0<strong><em>*200<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0undertaking a legislative act entails legislative immunity and a legislative privilege. Third, direct democracy as a legislative act (in some cases) will confer the official proponents with standing to defend the initiative against legal challenge.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chapmanlawreview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/19-1_Noyes.pdf\">Read the full article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chapman.edu\/our-faculty\/henry-noyes\">Professor Noyes<\/a> is the author of <em>The Law of Direct Democracy<\/em> (Carolina Academic Press, 2014), a truly unique resource that serves as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cap-press.com\/books\/isbn\/9781611632767\/The-Law-of-Direct-Democracy\">\u201cthe first casebook on direct democracy.\u201d<\/a>\u00a0 Professor Noyes joined the Chapman faculty in 2005 after more than a decade as a litigator specializing in complex commercial litigation. He was a partner with Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP (formerly Pillsbury Madison &amp; Sutro) in San Francisco and was named a \u201cNorthern California Super Lawyer\u201d by <em>Law &amp; Politics <\/em>and <em>San Francisco Magazine<\/em>. In addition to his billable practice, he was Pillsbury\u2019s pro bono coordinator and regularly served as an arbitrator in the San Francisco Bar Association\u2019s Attorneys\u2019 Fees Dispute program. Professor Noyes earned his B.A. from Northwestern University in 1990. After college, he worked for the United States Senate Judiciary Committee. He received his Juris Doctor, <em>magna cum laude<\/em>, from the Indiana University School of Law in 1994, where he was the Senior Managing Editor of the <em>Indiana Law Journal<\/em>. In 1995-96, he clerked for the Honorable Jesse Eschbach on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Professor Noyes\u2019s research and writing focuses on rules of procedure, rules of evidence, contractual agreements governing dispute resolution, and direct democracy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapman University Dale E. Fowler School of Law Professor Henry Noyes\u2019s article \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201c was recently [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":543,"featured_media":11811,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"custom_author_name":"","chapman_pin_hero_slider":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[29,30],"class_list":["post-11798","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty","tag-faculty","tag-scholarly-writing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fowler School of Law | Chapman Blogs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fowler Law Professor Henry Noyes Publishes \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201d - Fowler School of Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chapman University Dale E. Fowler School of Law Professor Henry Noyes\u2019s article \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201c was recently [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Fowler School of Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-10-11T23:09:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-22T16:22:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/71\/2016\/10\/noyes_clr-header.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"740\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"410\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fowler School of Law\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fowler School of Law\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Fowler School of Law\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0b192f5f8476f821d9c266c53fcf04cd\"},\"headline\":\"Fowler Law Professor Henry Noyes Publishes \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201d\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-10-11T23:09:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-22T16:22:42+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":541,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/71\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/noyes_clr-header.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Faculty\",\"Scholarly Writing\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Faculty\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/\",\"name\":\"Fowler Law Professor Henry Noyes Publishes \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201d - Fowler School of Law\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/71\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/noyes_clr-header.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-10-11T23:09:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-22T16:22:42+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/71\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/noyes_clr-header.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/71\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/noyes_clr-header.jpg\",\"width\":740,\"height\":410,\"caption\":\"henry noyes and article cover\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/2016\\\/10\\\/11\\\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Fowler Law Professor Henry Noyes Publishes \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201d\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/\",\"name\":\"Fowler School of Law\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Fowler School of Law\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/71\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/MasterBrand_000-scaled-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/71\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/MasterBrand_000-scaled-1.png\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":435,\"caption\":\"Fowler School of Law\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0b192f5f8476f821d9c266c53fcf04cd\",\"name\":\"Fowler School of Law\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5518558bd8323e4150e190383ecd953f2fdb7475f6d30a7a2c0d9077bc70a442?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5518558bd8323e4150e190383ecd953f2fdb7475f6d30a7a2c0d9077bc70a442?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5518558bd8323e4150e190383ecd953f2fdb7475f6d30a7a2c0d9077bc70a442?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Fowler School of Law\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.chapman.edu\\\/law\\\/author\\\/fowlerlaw\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Fowler School of Law | Chapman Blogs","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Fowler Law Professor Henry Noyes Publishes \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201d - Fowler School of Law","og_description":"Chapman University Dale E. Fowler School of Law Professor Henry Noyes\u2019s article \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201c was recently [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/","og_site_name":"Fowler School of Law","article_published_time":"2016-10-11T23:09:02+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-07-22T16:22:42+00:00","og_image":[{"width":740,"height":410,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/71\/2016\/10\/noyes_clr-header.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Fowler School of Law","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Fowler School of Law","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/"},"author":{"name":"Fowler School of Law","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/#\/schema\/person\/0b192f5f8476f821d9c266c53fcf04cd"},"headline":"Fowler Law Professor Henry Noyes Publishes \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201d","datePublished":"2016-10-11T23:09:02+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-22T16:22:42+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/"},"wordCount":541,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/71\/2016\/10\/noyes_clr-header.jpg","keywords":["Faculty","Scholarly Writing"],"articleSection":["Faculty"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/","name":"Fowler Law Professor Henry Noyes Publishes \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201d - Fowler School of Law","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/71\/2016\/10\/noyes_clr-header.jpg","datePublished":"2016-10-11T23:09:02+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-22T16:22:42+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/71\/2016\/10\/noyes_clr-header.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/71\/2016\/10\/noyes_clr-header.jpg","width":740,"height":410,"caption":"henry noyes and article cover"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/2016\/10\/11\/fowler-law-professor-henry-noyes-publishes-direct-democracy-as-a-legislative-act\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Fowler Law Professor Henry Noyes Publishes \u201cDirect Democracy as a Legislative Act\u201d"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/","name":"Fowler School of Law","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/#organization","name":"Fowler School of Law","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/71\/2026\/03\/MasterBrand_000-scaled-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/71\/2026\/03\/MasterBrand_000-scaled-1.png","width":2560,"height":435,"caption":"Fowler School of Law"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/#\/schema\/person\/0b192f5f8476f821d9c266c53fcf04cd","name":"Fowler School of Law","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5518558bd8323e4150e190383ecd953f2fdb7475f6d30a7a2c0d9077bc70a442?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5518558bd8323e4150e190383ecd953f2fdb7475f6d30a7a2c0d9077bc70a442?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5518558bd8323e4150e190383ecd953f2fdb7475f6d30a7a2c0d9077bc70a442?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Fowler School of Law"},"url":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/author\/fowlerlaw\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11798","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/543"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11798"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11798\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11798"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11798"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.chapman.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11798"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}